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The use of water in food production is becoming an increasingly critical issue due to the impacts of climate change and a rising global population. As water scarcity intensifies, the agricultural sector, which consumes the majority of our planet’s finite water resources, must adopt more efficient irrigation methods. Agriculture accounts for 70% of the global freshwater usage and up to 95% of water withdrawals in some developing nations.

How does a drip irrigation system work?

Unlike surface and sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation wets only a portion of the soil root zone, potentially as little as 30% of the volume wetted by other methods. The wetting patterns that result from dripping water onto the soil vary based on discharge rates and soil types, such as sand and clay.

Despite only wetting part of the root zone, this is essential to meet the crop’s full water needs. Drip irrigation does not reduce the water consumed by crops; rather, it ensures precise water application to support optimal growth.

The primary water savings in a drip irrigation system come from minimizing deep percolation, surface runoff, and soil evaporation.

How can Modern Technologies Help Indian Farmers Improve Agriculture?

Explore Modern Agriculture Technology

Why should farmers consider the drip irrigation system?

The short answer is water conservation. However, if you are looking to understand the ‘why’ behind the farmer’s preference for drip irrigation, take a look at these 7 ways in which drip irrigation conserves water:

How S M Sehgal Foundation supports drip irrigation adoption

S M Sehgal Foundation’s Agriculture Development Program enhances mechanization adoption among small and marginal farmers by offering farm machinery at subsidized rates. Farmers invest in the machinery, fostering ownership and entrepreneurial spirit. Training is provided for operation and maintenance, enabling farmers to generate additional income by leasing equipment to fellow farmers.

Jameel adopts drip irrigation and tomato staking methods

Jameel, a farmer from Tauru block in Nuh district, Haryana, attended an S M Sehgal Foundation meeting in August 2021 and learned about drip irrigation benefits to address critically low water levels. He adopted the technique in December 2021, leading to a 40% increase in his tomato yield. Inspired by the success, he invested INR 1,00,000 in February 2022 to expand drip irrigation and staking for bottle gourd cultivation.

His success highlights the importance of drip irrigation for improving yields and farmer incomes.

Read Jameel’s full story here.

About the Author

Ms. Pooja O. Murada
Principal lead, Outreach for Development, S M Sehgal Foundation

Mass communications master’s; English honors; bridge marketing program (Tuck School of Business); over twenty years in brand management, marketing, and development communications in the corporate and development sector. Spearheaded a community radio in an aspirational district; former chairperson of the gender committee at Sehgal Foundation, invited ICC member, Volvo India, and former governing board member of Community Radio Association.

The post What is a drip <span>irrigation system</span> and how does it help to save water? appeared first on S M Sehgal Foundation.

Water is something we may take for granted until it becomes a problem.

From early morning chores to late-night cleaning, households generate wastewater continuously. In many places, this water quietly flows into open drains, streets, ponds, or low-lying areas. Over time, this creates unhygienic conditions, damages soil and water sources, and exposes communities to serious health risks. This reality is where the conversation around wastewater management becomes unavoidable.

In rural settings especially, centralized treatment systems are either absent or extremely limited. Expecting complex infrastructure in such contexts is unrealistic. What is needed instead are decentralized, low-cost solutions that communities can easily understand, build, and maintain. Soak pits are one such solution. Simple in design, effective in function, and rooted in ecological principles, soak pits offer a practical way to manage domestic wastewater while supporting environmental health.

This article unpacks what soak pits are, why they matter, and how they fit into broader efforts around sustainable wastewater management.

Why Wastewater Treatment Deserves Attention

In the new episode of Let’s Connect podcast, Salahuddin Saiphy, principal lead of Water Management, talks about Soak Pits with Sonia Chopra, program lead of Outreach for Development at SMSF. A large portion of the water used in households does not disappear after use. In fact, nearly most of it turns into wastewater—including water from kitchens, washing areas, and laundry. When unmanaged, this wastewater accumulates in open spaces and drains, creating stagnant pools.

The consequences are well known in many villages and small towns:

The wastewater treatment importance lies not just in cleanliness, but in public health, environmental protection, and personal dignity. Without a proper wastewater drainage system, communities are forced to live alongside waste they did not choose to generate.

While several wastewater treatment methods are available globally, many are expensive, technology-heavy, or dependent on electricity and skilled operation. This makes them unsuitable for decentralized rural contexts.

What Are Soak Pits and How Do They Work?

Soak pits are among the simplest forms of decentralized wastewater treatment structures.

At their core, soak pits are underground chambers designed to receive domestic wastewater (excluding toilet waste). The water passes through a basic filtration layer and slowly percolates into the surrounding soil. This natural process allows the soil to act as a filter, reducing pollutants while safely dispersing water underground.

A typical soak pit tank:

Unlike open drains, soak pit drainage is contained and controlled. There is no surface stagnation, no foul smell, and significantly reduced exposure to disease-causing organisms.

Soak Pits Compared to Other Wastewater Treatment Methods

It is important to understand that soak pits are not meant to replace all wastewater treatment systems. They are one option among several wastewater treatment methods.

In urban areas, centralized sewage treatment plants may be feasible. In institutions, constructed wetlands or advanced filtration systems may work. However, in villages and peri-urban areas, such solutions often fail due to cost, maintenance challenges, or lack of ownership.

Soak pits, and in some cases leach pit systems, work well because they:

Their strength lies in being context-appropriate rather than technologically complex.

The Role of Community Soak Pits in Villages

While individual soak pits work well for single households, there are situations where community soak pits are more practical. In dense settlements, shared washing areas, schools, or community centers, wastewater generation is collective. The design of a soak pit in a village setting needs to keep shared usage in mind.

Community soak pits help:

However, community systems demand stronger coordination. Without shared ownership and clarity on maintenance, even well-built systems can fail.

Key Considerations in Soak Pit Construction

Soak pit construction is not just about digging a hole in the ground. Several factors influence whether a soak pit will function effectively over time.

Some of the most important considerations include:

A poorly designed soak pit may work initially but will likely fail within months. This is why understanding local conditions is critical before construction begins.

Why Maintenance Is Often the Weakest Link

Many soak pits stop working not because the idea is flawed, but because maintenance is ignored.

Over time, soap scum, oil, and fine silt accumulate inside the filtering chamber. When this material blocks pore spaces, infiltration slows down. Eventually, water starts stagnating inside the pit, defeating its purpose.

Regular soak pit maintenance is essential. This includes:

However, because cleaning a soak pit can be unpleasant, many households tend to delay or avoid it. When maintenance is neglected, systems fail.

Improving Design to Make Maintenance Easier

One of the most important lessons learned from long-term field experience is that systems must be easy to maintain, not just technically sound.

Innovations in soak pit design now focus on separating filtration chambers and introducing mechanisms that allow sludge to be flushed out without direct contact. This reduces the hygiene concerns that previously discouraged regular maintenance.

Such improvements do not change the basic principle of soak pits. They simply make soak pit maintenance more practical for everyday users, including women, who often manage water-related tasks at the household level.

Environmental Benefits of Soak Pits

From an ecological perspective, soak pits offer specific advantages.

By allowing water to percolate naturally, soak pits support groundwater recharge rather than surface runoff. At the same time, soak pits reduce pollution load in surface water bodies. This is especially valuable in areas where groundwater levels are declining.

From a wastewater management standpoint, soak pits:

These benefits are not always immediately visible, but over time they contribute to healthier living environments.

Looking Ahead: Small Solutions with Lasting Impact

Soak pits are not a universal solution to all sanitation challenges. But they are a powerful reminder that wastewater management does not always require expensive infrastructure or complex technology.

When designed well, constructed thoughtfully, and maintained regularly, soak pits offer a low-cost, eco-friendly way to handle domestic wastewater that improves hygiene, protects water resources, and reduces health risks—especially in villages where alternatives are limited.

Decoding soak pits ultimately means recognizing their value as practical, human-scale solutions. In the search for sustainable answers, the most effective ideas are sometimes the simplest ones, rooted firmly in local realities.

About the Author

Sonia Chopra
Program Leader Communication at S M Sehgal Foundation

Sonia Chopra is Program Leader, Communication at S M Sehgal Foundation, where she drives outreach, advocacy, and digital storytelling to advance rural development. She holds a Master’s degrees in political science, information & library science, and journalism in digital media.

The post Decoding Soak Pits: An Eco-friendly Approach to Wastewater Management appeared first on S M Sehgal Foundation.

Can rural communities solve India’s water crisis?

The answer lies in collaboration, awareness, and grassroots action.

India is home to 18% of the world’s population but has only 4% of its water resources. Rural India, which relies heavily on groundwater and monsoon-fed sources, faces acute stress due to erratic rainfall, over-extraction, and climate change. According to the Central Ground Water Board, over 1,114 blocks in India are classified as overexploited or critical in terms of groundwater (source: CGWB 2023 Report).

While infrastructure and policy are crucial, real change often begins at the community level. When villagers come together, backed by knowledge and local leadership, they create sustainable models of water management that improve availability and strengthen social equity.

Understanding the Rural Water Security Challenge

India’s rural areas face multifaceted water issues:

Why Community-Led Approaches Matter

Top-down water programs often struggle due to a lack of local ownership, limited maintenance, and weak monitoring. In contrast, community-led efforts integrating traditional knowledge with technology have shown greater adaptability and sustainability.

Here’s why community involvement is essential:

Examples of Community-Led Success

Across India, several models have emerged that demonstrate the impact of grassroots water management:

1. Pani Panchayats in Maharashtra

Water user associations (WUA) known as “Pani Panchayats” empower farmers to equitably share canal water. These community-led bodies create crop calendars, resolve disputes, and manage infrastructure repairs. Studies show that such associations reduce water wastage by up to 30% and increase irrigation efficiency.

2. Johad Revival in Alwar, Rajasthan

The famous case of Tarun Bharat Sangh and water warrior Rajendra Singh involved reviving thousands of traditional water harvesting structures, percolating ponds called johads. Over 1,200 villages saw wells refilled, rivers revived, and crop cycles extended.

3. Jalagam 2.0 by S M Sehgal Foundation

The Jalagam 2.0 initiative, supported by S M Sehgal Foundation, builds awareness and capacity among stakeholders to ensure long-term water security. Workshops held in Bikaner and Indore brought together government departments, academia, NGOs, and rural leaders to share ideas on community-led water stewardship, women’s role in water governance, and climate-resilient agriculture.

Also Read: Community Water Tank Initiative Provides Access to Water

Key Pillars of Community-Led Water Security

Achieving sustainable rural water security requires more than just physical infrastructure-it demands active participation, shared knowledge, and inclusive decision-making at the grassroots level. The following pillars form the foundation of successful community-led water initiatives that are not only resilient but also equitable and self-sustaining:

1. Water Literacy and Capacity Building

Empowering communities begins with education. Workshops, street plays, and school programs help demystify terms such as aquifer, recharge, and watershed. In areas with high illiteracy, visual storytelling tools like wall paintings and mobile van campaigns have proved effective.

S M Sehgal Foundation’s Jalagam 2.0 initiative prioritises such engagements, helping villagers understand the science of water, so they become stewards of their local resources.

2. Reviving Traditional Water Systems

India’s water heritage includes tanks, baolis (stepwells), check dams, and ponds. These structures, once central to community life, are being restored by citizen groups.

Restoration not only improves supply but also replenishes groundwater, recharges wells, and revives ecosystems.

3. Promoting Efficient Use

Training sessions in Jalagam workshops have introduced such ideas, backed by demonstrations and farmer testimonials.

4. Women as Water Champions

Rural women are the primary water managers in most households. Yet their participation in planning and governance remains limited.

Initiatives that include women’s SHGs, local leaders, and village water committees create more-inclusive solutions. According to a UNICEF report, projects with strong women’s leadership saw 60% better sustainability in water infrastructure.

In the Jalagam 2.0 workshops, dedicated panels discussed the role of women in water governance and community awareness. Women shared their experiences as change agents in rural water conservation.

Also Read: Women Water Champion recognition for Kunti Gupta

5. Convergence of Institutions

True water security needs coordination. When village communities align with gram panchayats, health departments, agricultural extension workers, and NGOs, the results amplify.

The Jalagam platform has proven that institutional convergence, when built on mutual trust and a shared goal, strengthens every link in the water chain-from source to consumption.

Technology as a Catalyst

Digital tools are helping communities plan better:

In Madhya Pradesh, the Jal Vikas app lets panchayats map and monitor water sources. In Bihar, real-time groundwater sensors are being piloted to ensure sustainable extraction.

These tools, when used with training and context, become enablers of transparency and planning.

Policy Support for Community Initiatives

The Jal Jeevan Mission has a clear focus on community ownership. It mandates village-level implementation support agencies (ISAs) to train communities in planning, implementing, and maintaining piped water schemes. As of April 2024, over 12.6 crore rural households have been connected with tap water (Ministry of Jal Shakti).

Moreover, the Atal Bhujal Yojana supports water budgeting and planning at the gram panchayat level in water-stressed states. Its key innovation is performance-based grants for sustainable use.

Yet, implementation gaps remain. Many communities still lack technical know-how, funds, or institutional hand-holding. This is where organisations such as S M Sehgal Foundation fill a critical gap-offering capacity building, scientific tools, and platforms for cross-learning.

The Road Ahead: Scaling Community Water Resilience

Water security is not just about infrastructure; it is about people. When communities understand their catchment, use water judiciously, revive old systems, and demand accountability, transformation begins.

Needs to scale such efforts include:

In a country as diverse and challenging as India, one-size-fits-all solutions don’t work. But empowered communities build tailored, resilient, and lasting water models. The work of platforms like Jalagam 2.0, and hundreds of village efforts across the country, prove that when people lead and collaborate, water security is not a dream-it becomes a legacy.

Every empowered village can write its own water success story.

About the Author

Lalit Mohan Sharma
Principal Scientist, Water Research and Training

Lalit Mohan Sharma is the Principal Scientist, Water Management, at S M Sehgal Foundation, with over 20 years of experience in water and soil conservation. He has developed innovative solutions, such as the JalKalp Biosand Filter and MatiKalp ceramic filter, for providing safe drinking water, and presented a freshwater model at the UN Solution Summit 2015.

The post Build Rural Water Security Through Community-Led Sustainability Efforts appeared first on S M Sehgal Foundation.

“

Every drop of water saved today will shape the future of generations to come.
~ Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

Water scarcity is a harsh reality for millions of Indians. Nearly 65 percent of the country’s population depends on agriculture, and groundwater serves as the lifeblood of the rural economy. However, over-extraction and erratic monsoons have led to alarming depletion. According to the Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), India has already used nearly 80 percent of its groundwater, and more than 256 districts face critical shortages.

Today, borewells run dry, fields wither, and farmers struggle to sustain their livelihoods. Industrial expansion and urbanization have further exacerbated the crisis, while unsustainable farming practices and climate change add to the pressure. If urgent action is not taken, India could face a severe water crisis by 2030—one that threatens not only food security but also economic stability.

But there is hope. Check dams and groundwater recharge systems offer a powerful, natural solution. These cost-effective methods help replenish aquifers, revive ecosystems, and secure agriculture for future generations. The time to act is now.

What are check dams and groundwater recharge?

Check dams are among the most-common, water-conservation structures. Built across seasonal streams and natural drainage channels, they slow the flow of water and capture runoff. This process allows more water to percolate into the ground, replenishing underground aquifers. Without these structures, rainwater quickly flows downstream and is lost.

Accumulated run-off increases groundwater recharge and surface water to enhance percolation into underground aquifers. Methods include check dams, percolation tanks, recharge wells, and contour bunding. These structures trap rainwater and slow its movement, ensuring groundwater levels improve over time.

How are check dams a natural solution to groundwater depletion?

Check dams directly address groundwater depletion. Their benefits include:

Increased water retention and recharge

Check dams slow water flow, allowing it to seep into the soil. This significantly boosts water availability in nearby wells and borewells. Farmers and communities benefit from improved irrigation and drinking water supplies.

Prevention of soil erosion and land degradation

Heavy rainfall runoff often washes away fertile topsoil. Check dams reduce water velocity, allowing sediment to settle. This also prevents erosion and preserves soil fertility. Farmers benefit from sustained land productivity.

Restoration of dried-up wells and ponds

In many regions, check dams have revived dry borewells and ponds. Villages once struggling with water scarcity now enjoy steady groundwater availability. Agriculture and household water needs are met more reliably.

Enhancing agricultural productivity

With reliable water access, farmers can adopt multi-cropping and grow water-intensive crops in moderation. They become less dependent on unpredictable monsoons. This leads to higher yields, better incomes, change in land use and improved livelihoods.

Reviving local ecosystems

Water conservation benefits the environment. Check dams rejuvenate flora, fauna, and biodiversity. Drought-prone areas see greenery return and microclimates improve. At the same time water logging here and there causing vector breeding is also reduced.

Farmers X leading NGOs

Large-scale water conservation requires government support, but farmers play a crucial role in the process. Small check dams, rainwater harvesting, and water-retaining vegetation are effective tools for reversing water depletion. Across Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Madhya Pradesh, numerous examples demonstrate how farmers have successfully transformed water security in their communities. By constructing check dams and implementing watershed management techniques, they have revitalized drylands, turning them into productive fields. These efforts have not only improved agricultural yields but have also brought renewed hope to rural communities.

Farmers’ efforts make a difference, but NGOs can scale solutions for long-term impact. S M Sehgal Foundation leads water conservation projects and empowers rural communities through scientific planning, technical expertise, and resource mobilization.

Khohar checkdam, Rajasthan

Khohar village in Rajasthan’s Alwar district faces severe water scarcity. The village has 150 households and 890 people. Since 2016, groundwater has rapidly declined, with borewell depths reaching 1000–1200 feet. Uncontrolled rainwater runoff was damaging farmland and did not recharge groundwater. S M Sehgal Foundation, with support from the Mosaic Company Foundation, built a check dam to solve this issue.

Khohar lies at the foothills of the Aravallis and has great potential for rainwater harvesting. But without proper storage structures, most rainwater was wasted. In consultation with villagers, the foundation team started work in July 2014. The check dam is 185 meters long and 3 meters high, holding 320 million liters of water annually. Now water seeps into the ground within 48 hours, to address groundwater depletion. In addition, nallah bunds, loose stone structures, and recharge wells also help in water and soil conservation.

According to an internal study, the check dam has transformed farming. Wheat cultivation increased from 11 Ha in 2004 to 73 Ha in 2018. Fallow land in Rabi season decreased from 74 Ha to 42 Ha by 2014. Farmers switched from jowar to cotton in kharif and from mustard to wheat in rabi. However, growing water-intensive crops needs careful water management.

This check dam project has improved groundwater, boosted farming, and increased food security. It stands as a successful model for sustainable water management in India. With more such projects, villages across India can overcome water shortages and ensure a better future.

A sustainable future begins now

Water conservation is an urgent responsibility, and India must embrace sustainable solutions such as check dams and groundwater recharge to meet the growing water demands. Meaningful change begins with collective action. Farmers take the first step by adopting water-saving practices, while NGOs provide technical expertise and guidance. Policymakers play a crucial role in supporting large-scale implementation.

Check dams have already proven effective in several states, improving water availability and benefiting local communities. Now is the time to scale up these efforts and expand their impact across the country.

As Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam said, “Let us act now, conserve water, and build a water-secure India.”

The post Are Check Dams A Natural Solution to Groundwater Depletion? appeared first on S M Sehgal Foundation.

Introduction

“Water is life, but access to clean and safe water is a fundamental human right.”
– former UN Secretary-General Kofi Annan

Even though the people possess the fundamental right to water in Article 47 of the Constitution of India, millions in India, especially in rural areas, lack access to safe and consumable water. Down to Earth reports that over 163 million people in India consume contaminated water, which leads to waterborne diseases such as cholera and diarrhea. This exacerbates the already critical issue of clean water scarcity across the country.

Water pollution is very common in rural India. In addition, very few good water purification systems or infrastructures are in place to provide safe drinking water. This leaves millions of people vulnerable to health risks while depending on unsafe water sources for their daily needs. This can result in serious health issues.

According to the Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), the desired drinking water standard for total dissolved solids (TDS) is 500 mg/l. If no other water source is available, water with a TDS level up to 2,000 mg/l can still be used. But in many areas of rural India, this content is much higher, making the water unsafe and harmful.

This blog addresses why safe drinking water is so important and describes the challenges that rural India faces.

Importance of Safe Drinking Water in Rural India

“We are witnessing the role of safe drinking water in saving lives, empowering women and girls, and contributing to ease of living.”
—Dr V K Paul, NITI Aayog

More than 700 million people reside across about 1.42 million villages in fifteen different ecological zones in rural India. Though lots of efforts are made to make clean water more easily accessible, many rural areas still struggle with issues related to contaminated water. This causes health problems as well as a heavy financial burden to families.

Health concern

Waterborne diseases like diarrhea, cholera, and typhoid are prevalent in rural communities that lack clean water and sanitation, resulting in reduced overall well-being of the population.

Economic burden

Poor water quality can create an enormous economic burden by causing frequent medical expenses, reduced work efficiency due to illness, and forcing communities to invest in alternative water sources or purification systems. Research by Russ, et al., (2022) highlights the significant economic impact of water pollution, showing that heavily polluted rivers can reduce downstream economic growth by 1.4-2.5 percent, depending on the development level of the region and the severity of the pollution.

Empowering Women and Children

Safe and reliable water changes the lives in rural areas, especially for women and girls who usually have to walk long distances to fetch water. This takes time and energy, and often keeps girls out of school. The 2019 Jal Jeevan Mission (JJM) initiative of the Government of India, aimed to install a working tap-water connection in every rural household. A big part of JJM is having women involved in managing water. The mission requires that at least one-third of the Village Water and Sanitation Committee (VWSC) members be women. This way, they can help make decisions about their water supply.

Community-Led Solutions: The Jal Minar Story

A heartwarming story from Chhata, Mathura in Uttar Pradesh:

S M Sehgal Foundation launched the HDFC Bank Parivartan project to help fifteen villages in this area. The main goal is to solve the problem of unsafe drinking water.

This project is to empower local folks, especially women, to manage their own water systems by using smart solutions and involving the entire community. Because of this initiative, people in the community now have better access to clean water, which has led to healthier lives and even new job opportunities for the community.

Overall, this effort illustrates the power of a community that comes together to make a change.

Women-led Water Users Group (WUG) initiative

The Women-led Water Users Group (WUG) in Chhata, Mathura, is an example of how coming together makes things better. Recognizing that safe drinking water was hard to find, twenty-two community members, mostly women, joined together and started WUG to help improve water access and quality in their village. The women took the lead in addressing the water crisis, identifying contamination and high TDS levels as major concerns. Working together, they initiated the development of the Jal Minar, a community water tower that would provide clean water to all.

This group led by women made it easier for people to get water and also helped the community grow and do better overall. When women take charge, everyone benefits.

Solar-powered reverse osmosis (RO) system as a sustainable solution

The initial filter installed at the Jal Minar in Chhata, Mathura, was highly important in providing clean drinking water. However, this filter turned out to be ineffective in filtering out the high total dissolved solid (TDS) levels present in the water, which was much more than the recommended limit of 500 mg/L.

The Women-led Water Users Group (WUG) didn’t give up on making needed improvements. They took action in November 2023 to set up a solar-powered RO system at the Jal Minar with help from the project team. Now they have clean water available all the time, which further empowered the women in the group.

Enhanced financial conditions of the community

WUG initiatives not only improved the water crisis in the community but also helped them financially as well. At a cost of Rs 5 for 20 liters, Rs 3 for 10 liters, and Rs 2 for 5 liters, water is affordable for everyone, while also becoming a source of income for women in the community. These women make about Rs 4,000–5,000 a month from this project. They cover all their costs and save some for repairs and maintenance. The success of the micro-enterprise model has helped with water shortages and given these women financial independence, which is good for the whole community.

Conclusion

The story of Chhata in Mathura is inspiring. The HDFC Bank Parivartan project shows what local people can do when they team up. By focusing on helping women, they are dealing with tough issues like water shortages and health problems. Unsafe water can be really dangerous. We need to act fast across all of rural India to address this crisis with similar smart ideas and community support to get safe water to everyone!

Priya Chaudhary
Social Impact, CSR, and Gender & Development

Priya Chaudhary is an expert in Social Impact, CSR, and Gender & Development with a focus on gender equity, social inclusion, and evidence-based change. With extensive experience in project management, storytelling, and qualitative research, she has worked on various NGO marketing and development projects.

The post Safe Drinking Water Ensures Safe and Reliable Water for Communities appeared first on S M Sehgal Foundation.

Water plays a crucial role in enhancing agricultural productivity, and its sustainable management is imperative in the face of climate change. Issues such as depleting water resources, land degradation, and adverse impacts on crop production are direct consequences of climate change in agriculture. To address this, conservation and sustainable management of natural resources, particularly water, must precede policy agendas.

Drawing from the existing government policies, the following:

Actionable Strategies To Ensure Sustainable Water Management In Agricultural Development

Enhance water-use efficiency

Water is a cornerstone in current agricultural policies, per the mantra of “more crop per drop.” With 78% of India’s total freshwater resources dedicated to agriculture, advocating for efficiency savings is paramount for food production to meet the growing population’s needs. Micro-irrigation practices, such as sprinkler and drip systems, have been promoted through various government programs, localized primarily in a few states. However, there is immense potential for expansion, as these practices could cover 69.5 million hectares across India. Shifting from a supply-based to a demand-based system is essential to tap into this extensive micro-irrigation potential.

Redesign policy incentives

The current subsidy-based approach to irrigating farmlands, particularly the free power subsidy in states like Punjab, has led to detrimental environmental consequences. Groundwater depletion, highlighted by a NASA study , underscores the urgency for a policy shift. Addressing this requires political will and alternative income opportunities for farmers. Diversification to crops such as nutri-cereals, maize, soybean, fruits, and vegetables has been proposed, contingent on a supportive policy framework, market linkage, infrastructure creation, and public investments. The World Bank’s ongoing project, Paani Bachao, Paise Kamao (save water, earn money), offers practical insights into future policies. Designing a framework that compensates farmers for efficient water use through participatory irrigation management (PIM) and volumetric pricing has shown promise and must be scaled up.

Adopt sustainable water management technologies

It is pivotal for crop-specific irrigation practices that enhance and/or restore natural ecosystems. Precision irrigation models, including variable-rate drip irrigation and other micro-irrigation systems, are gaining acceptance, contributing to maximized water-use efficiency. Smart irrigation systems utilize information and communication technology (ICT) and remote sensing, which has proven successful in advanced economies and significantly contributes to efficient water management. Adopting technologies like PVC water-conveyor pipes, underground pipeline systems, and laser land leveling demonstrate a positive trend in enhancing water use efficiency. Sensitizing farmers to sustainable irrigation water management practices is crucial for realizing economic and environmental benefits.

Use a watershed management approach

In-situ soil and moisture conservation holds promise for addressing community needs. Integrating on-farm and non-farm activities in watershed areas creates sustainable livelihood options, particularly for disadvantaged communities. Successful interventions, such as those by the International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT), showcase the positive impact on groundwater recharge and crop productivity. Convergence of interventions through national schemes like NREGS, Neeranchal, and PMKSY can significantly contribute to conserving and utilizing water for agriculture.

Increased usage of solar pumps

Recommended to address the challenges of the water-energy-food nexus, solar pumps are gaining traction through the KUSUM scheme. The proposal in the Union Budget for installing solar pumps and solarized grid connects aims to enhance farmers’ income while reducing carbon footprints. However, ensuring sustainable groundwater extraction is crucial when promoting solar-based irrigation systems, necessitating regular water table monitoring.

Invest in research and innovation

These are pivotal for evidence-based prescriptions in irrigation water management. The agricultural research system must prioritize research on irrigation practices, technologies, drainage water management, sustainable agroecosystem tools, and breeding drought-tolerant crop varieties. Despite their significance, water management aspects of crops still need to be investigated and warrant increased research funding.

The current situation demands an urgent shift toward more economically viable alternatives. As climate change leads to increasing weather variabilities, the risks to water availability for agriculture are amplified. The political economy must acknowledge this inevitable reality and overhaul irrigation and power policies strategically. The restructuring should aim to provide farmers with incentives to adopt water-saving practices. Emphasizing sustainable water usage in the face of climate change is a potential long-term solution to address the challenges of ensuring an adequate and stable food and water supply.

Speaking of addressing the challenges, can the government address these challenges by themselves?

Engaging in partnerships with results-oriented NGOs is crucial for implementing holistic initiatives. Through collaboration with leading rural development organizations, the government has the opportunity to foster a robust sense of community in rural areas—a formidable advantage in driving comprehensive and impactful programs.

The Top Sustainable Rural Development NGO In India

Since 1999, S M Sehgal Foundation has been steadfast in enhancing the lives of rural Indian communities. Operating as a prominent sustainable rural development NGO under a public charitable trust, the foundation’s committed team of professionals design programs to tackle critical issues in rural India.

At its core, the foundation bolsters community-driven development initiatives, creating positive transformations in rural India’s social, economic, and environmental dimensions. The overarching vision is to empower every individual in rural India, equipping them with the tools to lead more secure, prosperous, and dignified lives.

Increase Farmers’ Income through Solar Water Pumps

A case study delved into the profound impact of a solar water pump initiative on the income and livelihood of Deenu S/O Buddha, an experienced farmer in Hamzapur village, Nuh, Haryana. Before this intervention, Deenu, relying on traditional farming methods for over 25 years, faced challenges such as delayed irrigation, crop damage, and low yields, which led to reduced income and demotivation among local farmers.

Through the HDFC Bank Parivartan – CSR project in collaboration with S M Sehgal Foundation, Deenu, identified by the Village Development Committee, became a solar water pump beneficiary. With a beneficiary contribution of INR 88,500, a solar water pump was installed, resolving Deenu’s water-related issues and enabling timely irrigation.

The technology boosted Deenu’s crop production by 10% on his 6-acre land and allowed him to offer irrigation services to neighboring farmers, generating an additional income of INR 25,000. This intervention directly benefited Deenu and contributed to the sustainable management of natural resources by irrigating an extra 12 acres of land.

The post How Does This Sustainable Water Management Intervention Increase Farmer’s Income? appeared first on S M Sehgal Foundation.

Facing water scarcity in Talla Bapru village, Jeevanti Devi joined the Farmer Interest Group supported by S M Sehgal Foundation. With no irrigation source, her family depended on rainfall, limiting their cultivated area. Understanding her need, the group constructed a farm pond on her field, providing a reliable water source. This artificial reservoir overcomes water scarcity, allowing year-round cultivation and increasing crop diversity. Similar initiatives benefited farmers like Bhawan Singh and Keshav Dutt, enhancing their income and enabling them to cultivate more food crops. The Focused Development Program’s farm pond interventions uplift barren agricultural land, ensuring sustainable income for farmers in Champawat.

What Are Farm Ponds?

Shet tale, meaning “water storage,” involves constructing small to medium-sized ponds within agricultural fields. These ponds, designed for rainwater harvesting, offer numerous benefits to farmers, the environment, and India’s agriculture in general.

India’s agriculture uses more than 80% of the country’s freshwater. Climate change is making things challenging for farmers who depend on groundwater to protect their crops from unpredictable weather. The Water Resources Group warns that by 2030, this looming crisis could be the worst in India’s history and will hit agriculture hard. It’s urgent to find ways to manage water better and adopt practices that will handle the changing climate to save our crops.

How Farm Ponds Aid Agricultural Development In India

To address water-related challenges, Indian farmers are adopting innovative solutions, such as creating farm ponds. These ponds are becoming increasingly popular nationwide and are vital for managing water resources and promoting agricultural sustainability.

Ways that Farm ponds (shet tale) improve agricultural development:

Rainwater Harvesting

The primary purpose is to capture and store rainwater, particularly during the monsoon, which provides a crucial resource for irrigation during dry periods and reduces reliance on groundwater.

Groundwater Recharge

Allowing rainwater to permeate the ground, a shet tale contributes to groundwater recharge that is essential for sustaining borewells and other wells during water-scarce months.

Crop Diversification

Consistent water availability allows farmers to diversify crops and experiment with high-value, water-intensive varieties that increase income and ensure food security.

Climate Resilience

A shet tale acts as a buffer against climate change, helping farmers cope with droughts and water scarcity and enhance overall resilience.

Livestock Management

The stored water serves livestock for consumption and bathing and promotes the health and well-being of farm animals.

Fish Farming

Some farmers utilize a shet tale for fish farming, creating an additional income source and a protein-rich food supply.

Initiatives by the Indian Government To Reduce The Impact Of Water Scarcity On Agricultural Development

Creating more farm ponds will transform Indian agriculture by offering a sustainable answer to water scarcity and promoting crop diversity. With increasing awareness and government backing, these water-harvesting structures are crucial to India’s farming practices. To enhance agricultural development in India and mitigate the impact of water scarcity on farmers, the expertise and efforts of leading rural development NGOs bring meaningful values by ensuring effective execution and positive impacts on communities.

The Top Sustainable Rural Development NGO In India

For a quarter century, S M Sehgal Foundation has been dedicated to improving rural life in India. As the leading sustainable rural development NGO in India, this public charitable trust has a skilled and passionate team working on programs to address crucial challenges in rural areas.

The focus on community-driven development initiatives positively changes rural India’s social, economic, and environmental aspects. The ultimate goal is to empower every person in rural India by providing them with the tools to lead secure, prosperous, and dignified lives.

About the Author

Mr. Ajay Nigaltiya
Field assistant, S M Sehgal Foundation

Ajay Nigaltiya is a dedicated field assistant working in Champawat, associated with S M Sehgal Foundation. With a Bachelor’s degree in Agriculture, Ajay is deeply committed to uplifting farming communities in the region. His primary focus is promoting Farmer Producer Organizations (FPOs) within the Champawat district.

The post The Role Of Farm Ponds In Promoting Agricultural Sustainability appeared first on S M Sehgal Foundation.

Climate change knows no borders; its effects reach every corner of our planet. An impending climate crisis looms, and we find ourselves ill-prepared for the consequences.

Human activities drive climate change, putting our planet’s delicate balance at risk. Escalating greenhouse gas emissions have accelerated this process beyond earlier predictions. The repercussions are dire, encompassing erratic weather patterns and sea level increases.

Unchecked, climate change threatens to unravel decades of hard-won development achievements. Its rampant course may force mass migrations, sparking instability, and conflict on a global scale.

Sustainable Development Goal 13

The Sustainable Development Goals, often referred to as Global Goals, represent a set of seventeen interconnected aspirations that are envisioned as a universal roadmap, aiming to foster peace and prosperity for humanity and our planet and for future generations. Sustainable Development Goal 13 official mission statement is to “Take urgent action to combat climate change and its impacts.” This one of seventeen Sustainable Development Goals was established by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015.

Let’s take a look at the goals of the SDG 13

How Can India Achieve SDG 13?

Water management plays a significant role. While SDG 13 primarily focuses on mitigating and addressing the impacts of climate change, effective water management is closely linked to climate action in the following ways:

Mitigation of Climate Change

Resilience to Climate Change

Ecosystem Protection

Reduce Vulnerability to Climate-Related Water Scarcity

Integration with Climate Policies

In summary, water management is integral to climate action (SDG 13) due to its role in reducing emissions, enhancing climate resilience, and protecting ecosystems. The sustainable and responsible management of water resources is essential for addressing the challenges of climate change and ensuring a sustainable and resilient future. However, it’s necessary to understand that the success of these measures will depend on their effective implementation by NGOs and their consistent efforts to reduce emissions and adapt to a changing climate.

Which is the top rural development NGO in India?

S M Sehgal Foundation

In pursuit of the vision for a more secure, prosperous, and dignified life for all, S M Sehgal Foundation focuses on strengthening community-led development initiatives to create positive social, economic, and environmental change in rural India.

Established in 1999 as a public charitable trust, S M Sehgal Foundation has a dedicated and skilled team committed to designing sustainable programs that address the most pressing needs in rural India.

The foundation’s mission is crystal clear: it is dedicated to reinforcing community-led development initiatives to bring about positive changes in rural India’s social, economic, and environmental fabric. The ultimate goal is to empower every individual in rural India to lead a life characterized by security, prosperity, and dignity.

Contributions by the top sustainable rural development NGO in India!

Increasing Farmers’ Income through Solar Water Pumps

Deenu, the sole provider for his family of nine, relied on agriculture for his livelihood. In recent years, he faced challenges due to delayed irrigation, causing crop damage and reduced income. To address this issue, a Village Development Committee meeting was held in September, where Deenu learned about Solar Water Pump technology and expressed his interest in adopting it.

With support from the HDFC Bank Parivartan – CSR project in collaboration with S M Sehgal Foundation, Deenu was selected as a beneficiary. He contributed INR 88,500 toward the solar water pump installed on his field, ensuring reliable irrigation.

The solar water pump resolved Deenu’s water-related issues, allowing him to irrigate his six-acre land efficiently, resulting in a 10% increase in crop production. Deenu also offered irrigation services to neighboring farmers, earning INR 1,000 per acre per session and irrigating an additional 25 acres, generating INR 25,000. This intervention directly benefited Deenu and supported the irrigation of an extra twelve acres, promoting sustainable resource management.

Lakshiwas Pond Conserves Water

Lakshiwas village, nestled in the Anantpura gram panchayat of the Behror block in Alwar, Rajasthan, is home to approximately 140 families, predominantly engaged in farming. The village’s proximity to two small hills had an unforeseen downside during the monsoon season when rainwater cascaded down from these hills into the village. Instead of being a boon, this water brought woes, inundating agricultural fields and causing inconvenience within the village.

In January 2019, S M Sehgal Foundation, supported by CSR initiatives, initiated a transformative project in Lakshiwas. In February 2019, the project team engaged with the local gram panchayat and the village community, proposing the construction of a pond to intercept the rainwater flow from the hills. The objective was to store and harness this water for groundwater replenishment and mitigate the issues caused by flooding. They even significantly contributed INR 42,210 toward the pond’s sustainability once the project team had completed their work.

Construction of the pond, fortified with earthen embankments, commenced in March 2019 and concluded by April 2019. This reservoir boasts a remarkable capacity of fourteen million liters. Thanks to this intervention, rainwater from the hills is meticulously collected and stored in the pond, averting crop damage and stopping water wastage. This organized water percolation into the ground replenishes the groundwater table. Dry wells near the pond now have a replenished water supply, and the pond serves as a vital resource for livestock, local wildlife, and birds in the region.

The post Water Management Contributes To SDG-13 appeared first on S M Sehgal Foundation.

With the growing urgency of addressing climate change, the role of water conservation in fostering a sustainable environment is significant. Groundwater, the primary source of freshwater, caters to the burgeoning needs of households, agriculture, and industries. However, exploiting this vital resource for various daily necessities and evolving modern lifestyles is causing significant water wastage.

Unlike other resources, we cannot create water artificially, making us reliant on the planet’s limited water sources. The rapid population growth and the surging demand for water to accommodate our expanding modern way of life have triggered a global water scarcity crisis, necessitating a heightened focus on water conservation.

In this context, embracing rainwater harvesting and groundwater recharge emerges as a straightforward yet highly effective measure for global water preservation that can efficiently supplement traditional water sources that are nearing depletion.

Let’s dive into understanding the concept in depth.

Rainwater Harvesting

Rainwater harvesting is a straightforward method for capturing and stockpiling rainfall for future needs that involves the systematic collection and storage of rainwater through specially designed systems. These systems are strategically placed to harness rain from natural or human-made surfaces, such as rooftops, compounds, rocky terrains, hillsides, or artificially treated impermeable/semi-permeable land surfaces. The collected rainwater, uncontaminated by impurities, can be easily stored and utilized directly for various purposes, with minimal storage and no maintenance costs other than occasional cleaning.

Given the escalating decline of groundwater levels and unpredictable climate patterns, rainwater harvesting is a practical solution to counteract the consequences of mounting water scarcity. This practice contributes to recharging local aquifers, curbing urban flooding, and, most crucially, ensuring water access in regions afflicted by water shortages.

Advantages Of Employing Rain-Water Harvesting Systems

Economical Water Management

Rainwater harvesting systems offer cost-effective water solutions, delivering high-quality water for various nonsensitive purposes. They significantly reduce reliance on wells and are easy to maintain, as they are not intended for drinking or cooking. The initial setup costs of harvesting systems are notably lower than other water purification or pumping methods. Furthermore, recharging subsurface reservoirs is more economical than creating surface reservoirs.

Environmental Advantages

Underground water storage is eco-friendly, yielding substantial environmental benefits. Rainwater harvesting minimizes flood impacts by channeling excess water into large tanks for recycling, thereby alleviating the strain on drainage systems. This approach eliminates the need for dedicated land for water storage, prevents population displacement, minimizes direct groundwater exposure to pollution and evaporation, and reduces the risk of rivers drying up.

Erosion and Flooding Mitigation

Collecting rainwater reduces soil erosion and flood risks, effectively managing stormwater flow and averting urban flooding. Most buildings with rainwater harvesting systems feature built-in catchment areas on their roofs, capable of collecting substantial water volumes during heavy rainfalls.

Effective Irrigation Resource

Rainwater harvesting empowers communities to collect significant water volumes, which can help alleviate drought conditions. Most rooftops serve as ideal platforms for water collection. Rainwater is typically free from harmful chemicals, making it well-suited for irrigation.

Relief for Groundwater

Rainwater harvesting enhances aquifer productivity, increasing groundwater levels and reducing reliance on potable water. This aspect is particularly crucial in areas with dwindling water levels, significantly contributing to sustainable water management.

Two major techniques of rainwater harvesting

Surface runoff harvesting

In this method, rainwater flows away as surface runoff and can be stored for future use. Surface water can be stored by diverting the flow of small creeks and streams into reservoirs on the surface or underground, providing water for farming, cattle, and general domestic use. Surface runoff harvesting is most suitable in urban areas.

Rooftop rainwater/storm runoff can be harvested in urban areas with:

Groundwater recharge

Groundwater recharge is a hydrologic process where water moves downward from surface water to groundwater. Recharge is the primary method through which water enters an aquifer. The aquifer also serves as a distribution system. The surplus rainwater can then be used to recharge groundwater aquifers, using artificial recharge techniques.

Rainwater in rural areas can be harvested with:

Although rainwater harvesting has been deemed a desirable concept in recent years, it has yet to be implemented in rural India. Different regions of the country practice a variety of rainwater harvesting and artificial recharge methods.

Who is responsible for promoting this technique for water conservation?

Rural development NGOs dedicated to water conservation and water management prioritize community engagement and awareness-raising. Through various initiatives, they deliver educational programs, host workshops, and launch campaigns to inform individuals about the critical significance of water conservation and promote sustainable water management techniques.

Which Is The Best Rural Development NGO In India?

S M Sehgal Foundation

The Water Management program collaborates with local communities to implement strategies such as rainwater harvesting and infrastructure development. It actively participates in revitalizing traditional water sources, constructing storage facilities, and ensuring proper wastewater disposal. Additionally, the program is pivotal in educating communities about water conservation and enhancing their ability to manage water resources sustainably. Seeking partnership opportunities, it fosters continuous enhancement and the widespread adoption of cost-effective water management solutions.

TACKLING WATER SALINITY

Lakshiwas village is in Anantpura gram panchayat, Behror block, in district Alwar, Rajasthan. 140 families live here, and almost all are farmers. This village is close to two small hills, from where rainwater flowed into the village during the monsoon season. Not only was this water wasted, it flooded the nearby agricultural fields, spoiled the crops, and stagnated further on in the village streets, causing much inconvenience. In February 2019, the project team met with the gram panchayat and community members of Lakshiwas with a proposal to build a pond across the route of the water flowing from the hills, in order to arrest it so that it would recharge the groundwater and prevent the other inconveniences.

The construction of the pond with earthen embankments began in March 2019 and was completed in April 2019. It has a water-holding capacity of 14 million liters. Due to its establishment, all the rainwater from the hills is now collected in the pond, and the damage caused to the nearby crops has stopped. This water has stopped being wasted as it is being percolated into the ground, contributing to the groundwater table. The two dry wells near the pond now have some water. Livestock, wild animals, and birds are also using the pond.

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Since independence in 1947, India has been committed to providing its population access to clean water and maintaining sanitation. Significant progress has been made since 1960, particularly in clean water, sanitation, and hygiene education. India has achieved a score of 56.6 percent in its advancement toward achieving Sustainable Development Goal 6 (SDG 6) so far. However, according to the State of India’s Environment Report for 2021, India’s ranking in the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) has dropped by two places to 117 compared to the previous year. This decline is attributed to the lack of sanitation, which is vital for public health and the economy.

Let’s delve deeper into why.

Dire Need For Hygiene Education In Rural India

In India, diseases caused by untreated water and unhygienic sanitation practices pose a significant public health crisis and severely affect women and children. Poor drainage systems and insufficient water conservation measures hinder sanitation in rural areas. Although the government continues prioritizing sanitation through various campaigns and initiatives, it is important to acknowledge that challenges still exist.

The government has shown dedication to expanding the School Sanitation and Hygiene Education program, providing water and urinal/toilet facilities and promoting health and hygiene practices in rural government schools. This effort began in the year 2005–06, with an emphasis on benefiting the girl child. However, it also relies on its citizens, NGOs, and corporations’ support to strengthen its initiatives and ensure their effective implementation, particularly within rural communities, to address the challenges above.

Is there any NGO in India supporting the government and working toward improving the country’s rural areas?

S M Sehgal Foundation

Since 1999, the top rural development NGO in India, S M Sehgal Foundation (Sehgal Foundation), has been dedicated to enhancing the quality of life of rural communities. This nongovernmental organization operates as a public charitable trust and has a highly skilled and committed team. Together, they develop sustainable programs to tackle the most pressing challenges faced by rural India.

4.35 Million People Reached

With over twenty years of experience in sustainable rural development, Sehgal Foundation’s team has been actively working in twelve states across rural India. They work diligently to create and implement initiatives that encourage collective action and address critical rural development issues. The foundation emphasizes participatory research, the assessment of impacts, interactive dialogues, and community media to make well-informed decisions. Furthermore, they offer training and educational opportunities, all in pursuit of achieving lasting and positive results.

Sensitization And Awareness-Building For WASH Behavior Change

In the Vaishali district of Bihar, this project targets the most vulnerable rural communities, particularly daily wage laborers, in five hamlets.

The primary goal is to raise awareness regarding the importance of safe drinking water, the proper use of toilets, and the significance of handwashing. Through sensitization and awareness-building efforts, the project promotes positive WASH (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene) behavior.

Some case stories of individuals living in the study area who have adopted the use of tippy-tap handwashing stations:

Ashok Paswan from Khoksa Kalyan village of Vaishali district emphasizes the importance of handwashing in preventing illness. He and ten other hamlet families have constructed a tippy-tap handwashing station they learned about during community sessions. The convenience of having soap and water readily available encourages people to use it. Children, in particular, have taken a keen interest in this DIY technology and often compete to create innovative tippy-taps. The project incentivizes children by providing soap to those who install handwashing stations in their homes.

Usha Devi, a resident of Lakhanpur village, highlights the significance of washing hands thoroughly before cooking, eating, or using the toilet.
“Previously, going to the hand pump to wash hands was cumbersome, but having a tippy tap at home has made handwashing much more convenient.”

Shobha Devi, an ASHA worker from Khoksha Kalyan Ward No. 2, stresses that washing hands with soap is a crucial preventive health measure that can protect against illnesses. Scientific evidence confirms that soap and clean water are more effective at removing dirt.

Mamta Devi, a Mohammad Pur Lakhanpur village resident and an anganwadi worker, emphasizes the importance of thorough handwashing with soap and water, especially for children, after using the toilet and before meals, to maintain good health.

Radhika Devi, an anganwadi worker in ward number 6 of Lakhanpur Lal village, explains the proper steps for handwashing. She advises applying soap to both hands and rubbing vigorously for at least ten seconds. Afterward, she suggests rubbing the back of the hands, spaces between the fingers, the thumb, and the nails before rinsing the hands with water and drying them with a clean towel.

These stories from the community illustrate that with sensitization, awareness-building, and reinforcement, people adopt correct and consistent WASH (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene) practices in their lives.

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