High application uniformity
Drip irrigation systems boast a very high application uniformity, typically over 90%. This means that water is distributed evenly and precisely across the entire irrigation area. High uniformity ensures that each plant receives the same amount of water, reducing wastage and ensuring optimal hydration for all crops.
Radakrishna, owns 3.5 acres of land and grows rainfed crops like ragi, red gram, and field beans, as well as irrigated crops like tomato, cabbage, and potato crops. The conventional flood irrigation method that he followed led to considerable wastage of water, besides lowering crop yields.
Radakrishna contributed ₹15,000 for a drip irrigation system and received training from S M Sehgal Foundation’s Agricultural development team on its operation and management. Drip irrigation saves water by about 70–80% and enhances critical agronomic efficiencies.
“Drip irrigation will allow me to cultivate an additional crop during the year, significantly contributing to my income.
~ Radakrishna, farmer
Direct soil application
Unlike sprinkler systems that disperse water into the air, drip irrigation delivers water directly to the soil at the base of each plant. This method eliminates water loss caused by wind drift and evaporation, which are common issues with overhead irrigation systems. Direct application ensures that more water reaches the root zone where it is needed most.
Low water application rates
Drip irrigation systems apply water at low rates, allowing for precise, controlled delivery that can be tailored to the specific needs of the plants. This method of “spoon-feeding” water means that it can be applied in exact amounts required by the plants, even on a daily or hourly basis. Other irrigation methods often involve higher quantities of water applied less frequently, leading to inefficiencies such as deep percolation (where water moves beyond the root zone) or runoff. This targeted approach is especially beneficial for young plants, which require frequent watering but in smaller amounts.
Reduced runoff on heavier soils or sloping terrain
The low application rates of drip irrigation systems are less likely to cause runoff, especially in areas with heavier soils or sloping terrain. Because the water is applied slowly and directly to the root zone, it has more time to infiltrate the soil, reducing the risk of surface runoff and erosion. This makes drip irrigation ideal for challenging landscapes where traditional irrigation methods might lead to significant water loss.
Targeted watering
Drip irrigation systems are designed to water only the targeted areas, such as the root zones of crops while avoiding non-targeted areas like furrows, roads, and pathways. This precision prevents water from being wasted in areas that do not contribute to plant growth, enhancing overall water-use efficiency. In greenhouses, drip irrigation can be adjusted to avoid watering between beds, blocks, or benches, and in landscaping, it can be configured to avoid hardscapes and buildings.
Adaptability to odd-shaped planting areas
Drip irrigation is highly adaptable and can be configured to suit irregularly shaped planting areas that are difficult to manage with sprinklers or gravity-fed systems. This flexibility ensures that even awkward or uniquely shaped plots receive adequate irrigation without wastage, making it a versatile solution for diverse agricultural layouts.
Efficient seed germination and transplanting
Drip irrigation systems are capable of providing the precise moisture levels needed for seed germination and transplant establishment. This eliminates the need for initial “sprinkling up,” which often results in water wastage during the early stages of crop growth. By maintaining consistent soil moisture, drip irrigation supports healthy plant development from the very beginning, enhancing water use efficiency and crop yield.
The involvement of top, sustainable, rural development NGOs in India specializing in agricultural development, like the aforementioned S M Sehgal Foundation, is crucial in addressing these challenges.
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